Summer and Pigment Spots: How Can We Protect Our Skin?

Ultraviolet radiation is the primary driver of photoaging, but what role does it play in the development and progression of the various forms of hyperpigmentation?

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation stimulates melanocytes—the cells responsible for melanin production. This represents the skin’s natural defense mechanism against sun-induced damage. However, in predisposed individuals, increased melanin production leads to the worsening of existing pigmentary disorders such as melasma, solar lentigines (commonly referred to as age spots), and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

In addition to UV radiation, an increasing body of scientific evidence suggests that visible light—particularly the blue light spectrum—may also contribute to the development and exacerbation of certain forms of hyperpigmentation. This is why modern photoprotection should be comprehensive.

Which patients are at the highest risk of developing pigment spots during the summer months? Do skin phototype, hormonal status, or the use of certain medications play a role?

The risk depends on multiple factors, one of the most important being the individual’s skin phototype. People with fair skin are more prone to developing sun-induced pigmentation and photoaging, whereas individuals with darker skin phototypes more commonly experience hyperpigmentation following inflammation, skin injury, or hormonal changes.

Other high-risk groups include patients taking hormonal contraceptives, undergoing hormone replacement therapy, or using medications with photosensitizing properties. The risk is also increased following acne, inflammatory skin diseases, and certain aesthetic procedures, when the likelihood of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is significantly higher.

What is the difference between freckles, solar lentigines, and melasma, and why is it important that they are accurately diagnosed by a dermatologist?

Although all of these conditions present as pigmented lesions, they differ in their underlying pathogenesis and require different therapeutic approaches.

Freckles are genetically determined and become darker following sun exposure. Solar lentigines develop as a result of cumulative chronic UV damage and are typically associated with advancing age. Melasma is a chronic form of hyperpigmentation most commonly linked to hormonal influences and sun exposure.

An accurate diagnosis is essential because the treatment strategy differs for each condition. Furthermore, in some cases it is necessary to exclude other, potentially more serious pigmented lesions.

What are the current recommendations for photoprotection in patients with hyperpigmentation? Is using an SPF 50+ sunscreen sufficient, or should protection against UVA radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation also be considered?

The use of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 50+ is essential, but it is not sufficient on its own. It is equally important that the product provides a high level of UVA protection, as UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and contribute to both photoaging and the development of hyperpigmentation.

For patients with melasma, tinted photoprotective products containing iron oxides are recommended, as they also provide protection against visible light, including the blue light spectrum. Additional measures—such as regular reapplication of sunscreen, wearing wide-brimmed hats, and avoiding prolonged sun exposure during peak UV hours—are equally important.

Is it appropriate to perform treatments for hyperpigmentation during the summer season—such as chemical peels, laser procedures, or depigmenting therapies—and what are the limitations?

During the summer months, topical depigmenting therapies and certain gentler procedures may be performed in carefully selected patients, provided that strict photoprotection is maintained.

More aggressive chemical peels, as well as most laser procedures, are generally postponed until the autumn and winter seasons. The reason is that, following these treatments, the risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation associated with intense sun exposure is significantly higher. Therefore, treatment selection should always be individualized and adapted to the season.

Which active ingredients in medical skincare have demonstrated efficacy in the prevention and treatment of hyperpigmentation, and can they be used safely during the summer?

Among the best-studied active ingredients are azelaic acid, niacinamide, vitamin C, tranexamic acid, hydroquinone, and retinoids.

Retinoids require more cautious use during the summer months because of their potential to increase photosensitivity. However, when incorporated into an appropriately selected treatment regimen and combined with strict daily photoprotection, most depigmenting active ingredients can be used safely throughout the summer.

What are the most common mistakes patients make regarding sun protection, and what are the potential long-term consequences for skin health and appearance?

One of the most common mistakes is applying sunscreen only once a day or using an insufficient amount. Many people rely solely on a high SPF without paying attention to UVA protection or protection against visible light. The need to reapply sunscreen after sweating, swimming, or spending prolonged periods outdoors is also frequently underestimated.

Prolonged sun exposure without adequate protection not only worsens hyperpigmentation but also accelerates photoaging, contributes to the loss of skin elasticity, promotes wrinkle formation, and increases the risk of developing precancerous and malignant skin lesions. For this reason, photoprotection should be a daily habit rather than a measure reserved only for summer holidays.