Summer and Hypertension – Causes, Symptoms, and Helpful Tips

During the summer heat waves, it is important to monitor your health, as prolonged exposure to the sun and heat can negatively affect those with underlying conditions, particularly those suffering from high blood pressure. High blood pressure, known as hypertension, occurs when the pressure of the blood against the artery walls is too high, which can lead to various issues such as heart disease and stroke. Regular monitoring of blood pressure is essential for maintaining good health.

How do higher temperatures affect us?

Higher temperatures lead to increased fluid loss through the skin, which predisposes individuals to dehydration. This reduction in the fluid component of the blood can result in hypotension (low blood pressure). The summer season requires adequate fluid intake to replace the loss caused by sweating. According to recent studies, if the air temperature is above 22 degrees Celsius, a person should consume at least 1900 milliliters of fluids per day. If the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius, fluid intake should be no less than 3 liters daily. Drinking ice-cold fluids during heatwaves is not recommended, as it puts extra strain on the heart. It is preferable to drink fluids at room temperature.

The intense sun during summer days, especially around midday, is an independent risk factor for those with hypertension. Heating of the head can alter the blood supply to the brain, redirecting blood flow towards the nervous system and reducing it in peripheral tissues. This increases the risk of dizziness and even fainting. The likelihood of a stroke or heart incident in these situations is extremely high. Therefore, going outside during the peak of summer should be done during the cooler parts of the day, and wearing a hat is advisable.

Summer vacations are usually associated with relaxation and reduced stress. However, food and alcohol consumption tends to increase and physical activity often decreases. This can have an immediate impact on the cardiovascular system. It is recommended not to go out in the sun after a heavy meal because blood is concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract, raising the risk of brain ischemia.

Diet plays a crucial role in managing blood pressure during hot days. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins is recommended. Foods high in potassium, such as bananas, spinach, and sweet potatoes, can help regulate blood pressure by counteracting the effects of sodium. Eating smaller, more frequent meals can help prevent spikes in blood pressure after eating.

What are the values for high blood pressure?

High blood pressure is typically defined as having a systolic pressure above 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg.

To measure blood pressure correctly, follow these steps:

1. Positioning: Sit comfortably in a relaxed environment for at least five minutes before the measurement.
2. Preparation: Avoid smoking or eating 30 minutes prior to the measurement.
3. Posture: Keep your legs uncrossed, feet flat on the floor, and your back supported.
4. Equipment: Use a blood pressure monitor with a cuff that wraps around the upper arm, positioned 1-2 centimeters above the elbow crease.
5. During Measurement: Remain still and silent. Keep your arm at heart level, supported on a stable surface.
6. Procedure: Take three readings at one- to two-minute intervals. Calculate the average of the second and third readings for accuracy.

There is no fixed time universally applicable for taking medications for high blood pressure, as the timing can vary based on individual needs and the advice of a cardiologist. Some patients may be prescribed medications to be taken in the evening, especially if their blood pressure is high at night. Others may be advised to take their medications in the morning.
It is crucial for morning doses to be taken immediately upon waking. A common mistake is for patients to delay taking their medication until later in the morning, such as after breakfast, which can lead to higher blood pressure readings. Consistency in taking the medication at the recommended time helps maintain effective control of blood pressure.

Hypertension is a condition that affects the entire body, and its consequences can be severe. High blood pressure can lead to chronic kidney disease or worsen existing kidney problems. It can cause changes in the brain, such as increased risk of stroke, cognitive decline, and damage to the small blood vessels in the brain. Hypertension contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, where arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque build up. Furthermore, prolonged high blood pressure can lead to heart failure, as the heart has to work harder to pump blood effectively.
Overall, untreated high blood pressure can have widespread and serious effects on the body, impacting various organs and systems.

Regardless of the season, consulting a cardiologist is essential if you suspect hypertension. At the Hera Medical Center in Sofia, you can see:

Dr. Ralitsa Pancheva
Dr. Daniela Karadzhova (also available at Hera Medical Center in Montana)
Dr. Elena Kostova